Clinical Flowchart
Autopharmacological effects
| All medically relevant hymenopterans | ||
| Minutes to hours | ||
| Local pain | ||
| Local swelling,
local redness with a pale centre |
||
| Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, urticaria, angio-oedema, bronchospasm, arterial hypotension | Extensive swelling | |
| Hypovolaemia | ||
| Cardiovascular failure | ||
Local effects
Effects seen with multiple stings (see clinical entries: bees; clinical entries: vasps; clinical entries: ants)
Haematological effects
Effects seen with multiple stings (see clinical entries: bees; clinical entries: vasps; clinical entries: ants)
Neurological effects
Effects seen with multiple stings (see clinical entries: bees; clinical entries: vasps; clinical entries: ants)
Muscular effects
Effects seen with multiple stings (see clinical entries: bees; clinical entries: vasps; clinical entries: ants)
Cardiac effects
Effects seen with multiple stings (see clinical entries: bees; clinical entries: vasps; clinical entries: ants)
Renal effects
Effects seen with multiple stings (see clinical entries: bees; clinical entries: vasps; clinical entries: ants)