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More references are listed in the “Clinical entries” of the Biomedical Database.

Prolonged defibrination after a bite from a “nonvenomous” snake. J. Amer. med. Ass. 251: 925-926

1984
Cable, D., W. McGehee, W. Wingert, F. E. Russell

Puncture wound of the liver by stingray spines. Med. J. Aust. 1: 936-937

1960
Cadzow, W. H.

Weever fish sting: an unusual problem. Brit. med. J. 287: 406-407

1983
Cain, D.

The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and its venomous characteristics. In Bücherl, W., E. E. Buckley, V. Deulofeu: Venomous animals and their venoms. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York: 15-29

1968
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Biological and biochemical activities of Vipera berus (European viper) venom. Toxicon 31: 743-753

1993
Calderon, L., B. Lomonte, J. M. Guitiérrez, A. Tarkowski, L. Å. Hanson

Treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with amitriptyline and nifedipine. Clin. Toxicol. 25: 423-428

1987
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Stonefishes. In Pearn, J., J. Covacevic: Venoms and victims. QLD Museum und Amphibion Press, Brisbane: 43-48

1988
Cameron, A.

The venom apparatus of the scorpion fish Nothestes robusta. Toxicon 4: 11-121

1966
Cameron, A. M., R. Endean

Venom glands in scatophagid fish. Toxicon 8: 171-178

1970
Cameron, A. M., R. Endean

Refutation of the venomous reputations of three teleost fishes. Toxicon 10: 335-339

1972
Cameron, A. M., R. Endean

The death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus): the effect of the bite and its treatment. Med. J. Aust.: 922-925

1966
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The Papuan black snake (Pseudechis papuanus) and the effect of its bite. Papua N. Guinea med. J. 10: 117-121

1967
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The taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) and the effect of its bite. Med. J. Aust. 54: 735-739

1967
Campbell, C. H.

The Tiger snake: a review of the toxicology of the venom and effect of the bite. Herpetofauna 9: 7-17

1977
Campbell, C. H.

Wolf spider bites. Cutis 39: 113-114

1987
Campbell, D. S., R. S. Rees, L. E. King

A New Long-Tailed Rattlesnake (Viperidae) From Guerrero, Mexico. Herpetologica 64 (2): 246-257

2008
Campbell, J. A., O. Flores-Villela

The venomous reptiles of Latin America. Cemstock Publ. Ass. (Cornell Univ. Press Ithaka and London): 425

1989
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The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Vol 1 & 2. Cornell University Press, Ithaca & London: 774

2004
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A new generic name for jumping pitvipers (Serpentes; Viperidae). Rev. Latinoamer. Herp. 2 (2): 52-53

2019
Campbell, J., D.R. Frost, T.A Castoe

A field guide to the snakes of South Vietnam. Smithsonian Institution, Washington: 114

1969
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Signs, symptoms and treatment of severe scorpion poisoning in children. In Eaker, D., T. Wadström: Natural Toxins. Pergamon Press, Oxford: 61-68

1980
Campos, J. A., O. S. Silva, M. Lopez, L. Freire-Maia

A New Species of Pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Trimeresurus Lacepède, 1804) from West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Russ. J. Herpetol. 26 (2): 111-122

2019
Captain, A., V. Deepak, R. Pandit, B. Bhatt, R. Athreya

Natural History and Morphology of Crotalus ehecatl (Serpentes: Viperidae). Diversity 14(4): 242

2022
Carbajal-Márquez, R. A., J. J. Sigala-Rodríguez, J. A. Hidalgo-García, J. J. Ayala-Rodríguez, J R. Cedeño-Vázquez

Bothropic accidents. Mem. Inst. Butantan 52 (suppl.): 43-44

1990
Cardoso, J. L. C.

Detection by enzyme immonoassay of Loxosceles gaucho venom in necrotic skin lesions caused by spider bites in Brazil. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 84: 608-609

1990
Cardoso, J. L. C., Fan Hui Wen, F. O. S. França, D. A. Warrell, R. D. G. Theakston

Randomized comparative trial of three antivenoms in the treatment of envenoming by lance-headed vipers (Bothrops jararaca) in São Paulo, Brazil. Quart. J. Med. 86: 315-325

1993
Cardoso, J. L. C., H. W. Fan, F. O. S. França, M. T. Jorge, R. P. Leite, S. A. Nishioka, A. Avila, I. S. Sano-Martins, S. C. Tomy, M. L. Santoro, A. M. Chudinski et al.

Les morsures de serpent au Congo. Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 66: 183-189

1986
Carme, B., J. F. Trape, L. Lumbaki Kumba

Morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy of South American bothropoid pitvipers (Serpentes, Viperidae). Zoologica Scripta 41: 109-124

2012
Carrasco, P. A., C. I. Mattoni, G. C. Leynaud, G. J. Scrocchi.

Cases of snake-bite treated in Almirante Hospital Panama, during the year 1927. United Fruit Company, Med. Dept. 16th annual report: 276-279

1927
Carroll, R. L.

Elapid snake bite. Brit. J. Anaesth. 46: 162

1974
Casale, F. F., S. M. Patel

Estudio del problema de la picadura al hombre por escorpion (Buthus occitanus) en la provincia de Cordoba. Med. clin. 85: 49-52

1985
Casal, M., E. Luque

Higher-level phylogeny of Asian and American coralsnakes, their placement within the Elapidae (Squamata), and the systematic affinities of the enigmatic Asian coralsnake Hemibungarus calligaster (Wiegmann, 1834). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 809–831

2007
Castoe, T. A., E. N. Smith, R. M. Brown, C. L. Parkinson

Vipera berus bites in children-experience of early antivenom treatment. Acta paediat. scand. 76: 682-684

1987
Cederholm, I., C. Lennmaken

Abnormal electrocardiogram after adder bite. Brit. Heart J. 30: 138-140

1968
Chadha, J. S., D. W. Ashby, J. O. Brown

Pathophysiological effects of Russell's viper venom on renal function. J. Nat. Toxins 8 (3): 351-358

1999
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Anaphylactiod reaction and tissue damage following bite by Atractaspis engaddensis. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 68: 333-337

1974
Chajek, T., D. Rubinger, M. Alkan, R. M. Melmed, A. E. Gunders

First record of Indochinese spitting cobra Naja siamensis Laurenti (Serpentes: Elapidae) from Laos, with comments on the genus in the country. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 48(1): 149-152.

2000
Chan-Ard, T., Stuart, B.L., W. Wüster

A new enzyme immunoassay system suitable for field use and its application in a snake venom detection kit. Clin. Chim. Acta 121: 225-230

1982
Chandler, H. M., J. G. R. Hurrell

Reversible parasympathetic dysautonomia following stinging attributed to the box jelly fish (Chironex fleckeri) . Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 14: 673-675

1984
Chand, R. P., K. Selliah

Corneal penetration by tarantula hairs. Brit. J. Ophthalmol. 75: 253-254

1991
Chang, P. C. T., H. Kaz Soong, J. M. Barnett

A new species of pit-viper from the Ayeyarwady and Yangon regions in Myanmar (Viperidae, Trimeresurus). ZooKeys 1186: 221-234

2023
Chan K. O., S. Anuar, A. Sankar A, I.T. Law, I.S. Law, R. Shivaram, C. Christian, D.G. Mulcahy, A. Malhotra

The symptomatology , pathology and treatment of the bites of venomous snakes of Central and Southern Africa. In Bücherl, W., E. Buckley, V. Deulofeu: Venomous animals and their venoms. Vol. 1: venomous vertebrates. Academic Press, New York: 463-527

1968
Chapman, D. S.

Risk factors for scorpion stings in the beni mellal province of morocco. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis. 15 (4) Botucatu: 707-717

2009
Charrab N., R. El Oufi, A. Soulaymani, I. Semlali, A. Mokhtari, R. Soulaymani

Cutaneous loxoscelism caused by Loxosceles similis venom and neutralization capacity of its specific antivenom. Toxicon 60: 21-30

Chatzaki, M., C.C. Horta, M.O. Almeida, N.B. Pereira, T.M. Mendes, C. Dias-Lopes, G. Guimarães, L. Moro, C. Chávez-Olórtegui, M.C.R. Horta, E. Kalapothakis

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that discriminates between the venoms of Brazilian Bothrops species and Crotalus durissus. Toxicon 35 (2): 253-260

1997
Chávez-Olórtegui, C., C. L. Penaforte, R. R. Silva, A. P. Ferreira, et al.

ELISA for the detection of toxic antigens in experimental and clinical envenoming by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. Toxicon 32 (12): 1649-1656

1994
Chávez-Olórtegui, C., S. C. G. Fonseca, D. Campolina, C. F. S. Amaral, C. R. Diniz

Creatine kinase MB elevation in paralytic shellfish poisoning. Chest 99: 1032-1033

1991
Cheng, H. S., S. O. Chua, J. S. Hung, K. K. Yip

Risk of immediate effects from F(ab)2 bivalent antivenin in Taiwan. Wilderness Environ. Med. 11: 163-167

2000
Chen, J.-Ch., M. J. Bullard, T.-F. Chiu, Ch.-J. Ng, Sh.-J. Liaw

A new pit viper of the genus Trimeresurus (Lacépède, 1804) (Squamata: Viperidae) from Southwest China. Zootaxa 4768(1):112-128

2020
Chen, Z., G. Vogel, J. Yu, S. Shi

A New Species of the Genus Trimeresurus from Southwest China (Squamata: Viperidae). Asian Herpetological Research 10(1): 13–23

2019
Chen, Z., L. Zhang, J. Shi, Y. Tang, Y. Guo, Z. Song, L. Ding

Multiple lines of evidence reveal a new species of Krait (Squamata, Elapidae, Bungarus) from Southwestern China and Northern Myanmar. ZooKeys, 1025: 35

2021
Chen, Z. N., S. C. Shi, G. Vogel, L. Ding, J. S. Shi

New facts on the Taxonomy of snakes of the genus Echis. Edited by Hughes, B., G. R. Zug (1984). Smithsonian Herp. Inf. Serv. No. 61: 7

1983
Cherlin, V. A.

Taxonomic revision of the snake genus Echis (Viperidae). II. An analysis of taxonomy and descriptions of new forms. USSR Academy of Scienes. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Leningrad 207: 193-223

1990
Cherlin, V. A.

Anticholinesterase drugs in the treatment of tetrodotoxin poisoning. Lancet II: 108

1984
Chew, S. K., L. S. Chew, K. W. Wang, P. K. Mah, B. Y. Tan

Les serpents de la Guyane francaise. Faune tropicale 27, Orstrom: 165

1986
Chippaux, J. P.

Clinical trial of an F(ab')2 polyvalent equine antivenom for African snake bites in Benin. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77 (3): 538-546

2007
Chippaux, J.-P., A. Massougbodji, R. P. Stock, A. Alagon, and the Investigators of African Antivipmyn® in Benin

Envenimation par morsure de mamba (Dendroaspis viridis) à propos d’une obsérvation à évolution favorable. Méd. trop. 37: 545-549

1977
Chippaux, J. P., B. Courtois, D. Roumet, R. Eyebiyi

Spitting cobra (Naja nigricollis) bite. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72: 106

1978
Chippaux, J. P., G. N’Guessan, F. X. Paris, G. Roland, M. Kebe

Morsures de serpents en Afrique de l’Ouest. II. Clinique et traitement. Etud. méd. 3: 143-167

1981
Chippaux, J. P., J. Boche, A. Bondurand

Short report: Treatment of snakeenvenomations by a new polyvalent antivenom composed of highly purified F(ab')2: Results of a clinical trial in northern Cameroon. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 61 (6): 1017-1018

1999
Chippaux, J.-P., J. Lang, S. Amadi-Eddine, P. Fagot

Clinical safety of a polyvalent F(ab')2 equine antivenom in 223 African snake envenomations: a field trial in Cameroon. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 92: 657-662

1998
Chippaux, J.-P., J. Lang, S. Amadi-Eddine, P. Fagot, V. Rage, J.-C. Peyrieux, V. Le Mener, VAO investigators

Epidemiology of scorpionism: a global appraisal. Acta Tropica, 107 (2): 71-79

2008
Chippaux, J.-P., M. Goyffon

Eight cases of acute renal failure from Vipera russelli formosensis venom after administration of antivenom. Vet. Human Toxicol. 44 (5): 278-282

2002
Chou, T.-Sh., T.-J. Lin, M.-Ch. Kuo, M.-S. Tsai, D.-Z. Hung, J.-L. Tsai

The venoms of Central and South African snakes. In Bücherl, W., E. E. Buckley, V. Deulofeu: Venomous animals and their venoms. Vol. 1. Academic press, New York: 437-461

1968
Christensen, P. A.

Snakebite and the use of antivenom in Southern Africa. Snake 12: 145-146

1980
Christensen, P. A.

Venom ophthalmia caused by venoms of spitting elapid and other snakes: Report of ten cases with review of epidemiology, clinical features, pathophsiology and management. Toxicon 56:259-72

2010
Chu, E. R., S. A. Weistein, J. White, D. A. Warrell

Snake bite induced acute renal failure in India. Kidney International 35: 891-907

1989
Chugh, K. S.

Acute renal failure following snakebite. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 24: 692-697

1975
Chugh, K. S., B. K. Aikat, B. K. Sharma, S. C. Dash, M. T. Mathew, K. C. Das

Isolation of two toxins from a parrotfish Scarus gibbus. Toxicon 15: 89-93

1977
Chungue, E., R. Bagnis, N. Fusetani, Y. Hashimoto

Phylogeography supports lineage divergence for an endemic rattlesnake (Crotalus ravus) of the Neotropical montane forest in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 137: 496–512

2022
Cisneros-Bernal, A. Y. , F. Rodríguez-Gómez, O. Flores-Villela, M. K. Fujita, J. A. Velasco, J. A. Fernández

The natural history of sensitivity to Jack jumper ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmecia pilosula) in Tasmania. Med. J. Aust. 145: 564-566

1986
Clarke, P. S.

Abstracts of snake-bite cases, Central American divisions-United Fruit Company. United Fruit Comp., Med. Dept., 7th ann. report: 271-287

1928
Clark, H. C.

Venomous snakes. Some Central American records. Incidence of snake bite accidents. Amer. J. Trop. Med. 22: 37-49

1942
Clark, H. C.

Immediate and delayed allergic reactions to crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine) antivenom. Ann. Emerg. Med. 39: 671-676

2002
Clark, R. F., P. E. McKinney, P. B. Chase, F. G. Walter

Successful treatment of crotalid-induced neurotoxicity with a new polyspecific crotalid Fab antivenom. Ann. Emerg. Med. 30: 54-57

1997
Clark, R. F., S. R. Williams, S. P. Nordt, L. V. Boyer-Hassen

Insect sting anaphylaxis in patients without detectable serum venom-specific IgE. Cin. Allergy 15: 329-333

1985
Clayton, W. F., J. W. Georgitis, R. E. Reisman

Injuries to man from marine invertebrates in the Australian region. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra: 282

1965
Cleland, J. B., R. V. Sothcoutt

Scombroid-fish poisoning. New Engl. J. Med. 325: 515-516

1991
Clifford, M. N., R. Walker, J. Wright, P. Iiomah, R. Hardy, C. K. Murray, K. D. Rainsford

Schlangen-Atlas. Bede, Kolluburg: 591

1993
Coborn, J.

Monosodium glutamania: The chinese restaurant syndrome revisited. J. Amer. med. Ass. 252: 899

1984
Cochran, J. W., A. H. Cochran

Bites by the White- lipped pit viper (Trimeresurus albolabris) and other species in Hong Kong. A survey of 4 years’ experience at the Prince of Wales Hospital. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 93: 79-86

1990
Cockram, C. S., J. C. N. Chan, K. Y. Chow

Brown spider bite (Loxosceles sp. in adults. Abstracts. IVth Pan American symposium on animal, plant and microbial toxins (IST) and IInd symposium of the Brazilian society on toxinology (SBTX), in honour of Vital Brazil. Toxicon 31: 119

1993
Coelho, L. K., F. S. V. Tourinho

Phoneutria sp. bite: clinical aspects and treatment. Abstracts. IVth Pan American symposium on animal, plant and microbial toxins (IST) and IInd symposium of the Brazilian society on toxinology (SBTX), in honour of Vital Brazil. Toxicon 31: 120

1993
Coelho, L. K., J. C. Gonçalves Jr.

Sea snakes of Australia and Neu Guinea. In Dunson, W. A.: The biology of sea snakes. University Park Press, Baltimore: 59-139

1975
Cogger, H. G.

Reptiles and amphibians of Australia. A. H. and A. W. Reed, Sydney: 608

1986
Cogger, H. G.

The venomous landsnakes. In Covacevich, J., P. Davie, J. Pearn: Toxic plants and animals. A guide to Australia. QLD Museum, Brisbane: 340-355

1987
Cogger, H. G.

Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, 6th ed. Ralph Curtis Publishing, Sanibel Island: 808

2000
Cogger, H. G.

A review of the venomous toadfishes, subfamily Thalassophryninae. Copeia 4: 846-864

1966
Colette, B. B.

Aging of the Brown tree sanke (Boiga irregularis) and an update on its status on Guam. Sonoran Herpetologist 4: 188-190

1991
Collins, P.

A case of envenomation by the neotropical colubrid snake, Stenorrhina freminvillii. Toxicon 22: 823-827

1984
Cook, D. G. A.

Urticaria caused by tarantula hairs. Amer. J. trop Med. Hyg. 22: 130-133

1973
Cooke, J. A. L., F. H. Miller, R. W. Grover, J. L. Duffy

The urticating hairs of theraphosid spiders. Amer. Mus. Novitates, N.2498: 43

1972
Cooke, J. A. L., V. D. Roth, F. H. Miller

Pathological changes to the mammalian gut following administration of ciguatoxin. In Gopalakrishnakone, P., C. K. Tan: Progress in Venom and Toxin Research. Proceedings of the first Asia-Pacific Congress on animal, plant and microbial toxins held in Singapore, June 24-27, 1987. Faculty of Medicine Natonal University of Singapore: 405-410

1987
Coombe, I. F., M. F. Capra, A. E. Flowers, J. Cameron

Disarming the box jellyfish in Oman. Med. Corps Int.: 26-32

1991
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Common freshwater fishes of East Africa. Witherby, London: 172

1958
Copley, H.

An inquiry into snake-bite in Iraq. Ind. J. med. Res. 20: 599-625, 679-696

1932
Corkill, N. L.

Snake poisoning in Sudan. In Buckley, E. E., N. Porges: Venoms, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Washington D. C. 44: 331-339

1956
Corkill, N. L.

Biting and poisoning by the Mole vipers of the genus Atractaspis. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53: 95-101

1959
Corkill, N. L., C. P. J. Inoides, C. R. S. Pitman

Poisoning by the Sudan mole viper Atractaspis microlepidota Günther. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 48: 376-384

1954
Corkill, N. L., R. Kirk

The world’s most venomous snake. In Pearn, J., J. Covacevic: Venoms and victims. QLD Museum und Amphibion Press, Brisbane.: 111-120

1988
Covacevich, J., J. Pearn, J. White

A novel format for a rapid sandwich EIA and its application to the identification of snake venom and enteric viral pathogens. J. Immunol. Methods 146: 213-218

1992
Cox, J. C., A. V. Moisidis, J. M. Shepherd

The snakes of Thailand and their husbandry. Krieger, Mulabar, Florida: 526

1991
Cox, M. J.

A snake bite from a burrowing adder. Centr. Afr. J. Med. 7: 215-216

1961
Cranko, J. A.

Envenomation by a juvenile gwardar. Med. J. Aust.: 158

1980
Crawford, G. P. M.

A case of Oxybelis poisoning in man. Copeia: 233

1937
Crimmins, M. L.

Black mamba envenomation. S. Afr. med. J. 68: 293-294

1985
Crisp, N. G.

An unusual stingray injury-the skindiver at risk. Med. J. Aust. 2: 947-948

1976
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Clinical toxicology of Conus snail stings. In: White, J, Meier, J, eds. Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press: 117-127

1995
Cruz, L. J., J. White

Raising Awareness on the Clinical and Forensic Aspects of Jellyfish Stings: A Worldwide Increasing Threat. Int. J. Environ. Res. PublicHealth2022,19,8430. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148430

2022
Cunha, S.A., R.J. Dinis-Oliveira

Acute myocardial infarction-like enzyme profile in human victims of Crotalus durissus terrificus envenoming. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 84: 447-451

1990
Cupo, P., M. M. Azevdo-Marques, S. E. Hering

Clinical and laboratory features of South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus). Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 82: 924-929

1988
Cupo, P., M. M. Azevedo-Marques, S. E. Hering

Pressure-immobilisation first aid for snakebite-fact and fancy. XIIIth International Congress for Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Nov. 29-Dec. 4, 1992, Jomtien, Pattaya, Thailand. Abstracts: 216-217

1992a
Currie, B.

Snakebite in tropical Australia: a prospective study in the "top end" of the Northern Territory. MJA 181 (11/12): 693-697

2004
Currie, B. J.

Anticholinesterase therapy for death adder envenomation. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 20: 190-191

1990
Currie, B. J., J. Richens, A. Korinihona, J. Worthington

Envenoming from the Papuan Taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni). In Gopalakrishnakone, P., C. K. Tan: Recent advances in toxinology research. Vol. 1. Venom and Toxin Research Group, National University of Singapore: 308-314

1992b
Currie, B. J., R. D. G. Theakston, D. A. Warrell

Prospective study of Chironex fleckeri and other jellyfish stings in the "Top End" of Australia's Northern Territory. Med. J. Aust. 183: 631-636

2005
Currie, B. J., S. P. Jacups

Resolution of neurotoxicity with anticholinesterase therapy in death-adder envenomation. Med. J. Aust. 148: 522-525

1988
Currie, B., M. Fitzmaurice, J. Oakley

A prospective study of snakebite in tropical Northern Australia. XIIIth International Congress for Tropical Medicine and Malaria, Nov. 29-Dez. 4, 1992, Jomtien, Pattaya, Thailand. Abstracts: 183

1992
Currie, B., R. D. G. Theakston, P. Horner, D. A. Warrell

The legitimacy of rattlesnake bites in Central Arizona. Ann. Emerg. Med. 18: 658-663

1989
Curry, S. C., D. Horning, P. Brady, R. Requa, D. B. Kunkel, M. V. Vance

Noninvasive vascular studies in management of rattlesnake envenomations to extremities. Ann. Emerg. Med. 14: 1081-1084

1985
Curry, S. C., J. C. Kraner, D. B. Kunkel, P. J. Ryan, M. V. Vance, R. K. Requa, S. B. Ruggen

Envenomation by the scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus. J. Toxicol.-Clin. Toxicol. 21: 417-449

Curry, S. C., M. V. Vance, P. J. Ryan, D. B. Kunkel, W. T. Northey (1983-84)