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More references are listed in the “Clinical entries” of the Biomedical Database.

Effects of Cerastes cerastes (Egyptian sand viper and Cerastes vipera (Sahara sand viper) snake venoms on blood coagulation: separation of coagulant and anticoagulant factors and their relation with arginine esterase and protease activites. Toxicon 19: 85-94

1981
Labib, R. S., N. H. Azab, N. W. Farag

Development of a rapid immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring venom antigens after an experimental snake bite. Toxicon 26: 1157-1167

1988
Labrousse, H., A. K. Nishikawa, C. Bon, S. Avrameas

Pulmonary oedema from a widow spider bite. S. Afr. med. J. 77: 110

1990
La Grange, M. A. C.

Blood platelet studies in man and rabbits following Crotalus envenomation. Proc. west. Pharmacol. Soc. 13: 99-105

1970
La Grange, R. G., F. E. Russell

Quelques observations récentes sur les piqures par poissons venimeux du genre Synanceja et étude disc-électrophorétique de leur venin. Bull. Soc. Pathol. exot.: 605-621

1972
Lagraulet, J., J. Tapu, G. Cuzon, R. Fabre-Teste, A. Toudic

Envenomation by the box-jellyfish-an unusual cause of ulnar nerve palsy. J. roy. Soc. Med. 84: 115-116

1991
Laing, J. H. E., D. H. Harrison

Consumptive coagulopathy caused by a boomslang bite. S. Afr. med. J.: 1052-1055

1969
Lakier, J. B., V. U. Fritz

The effect of bites by the Papua New Guinean taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni). XIIIth International Congress for Tropical Diseases and Malaria, Jomtien, Pattaya, Thailand, Nov. 29-Dec. 4, 1992. Abstracts, Vol. 1: 201

1992a
Lalloo, D., A. Travett, M. Paul, A. Korinihona, J. Hapao, B. Danga-Christian, I. Laurenson, B. Mavo, A. Saweri, S. Naraqi, D. R. G. Theakston, D. L. Warrell

Neurotoxicity and hemostatic disturbances in patients envenomed by the Papuan black snake (Pseudechis papuanus). Toxicon 32: 927-936

1994
Lalloo, D., A. Trevett, J. Black, J. Mapao, S. Naraqi, D. Owens, R. Hutton, R. D. G. Theakston, D. A. Warrell

Snake bites by the Papuan taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni): Paralysis, hemostatic and electrocardiographic abnormalities, and effects of antivenom. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 52 (6): 525-531

1995
Lalloo, D. G., A. J. Trevett, A. Korinhona, N. Nwokolo, et al.

The epidemiology of snake bite in Central Province and National Capital District, Papua New Guinea. Transactions of the Royal Soc. of Trop. Med. & Hygiene. 89 (2): 178-182

1995
Lalloo, D. G., A. J. Trevett, A. Saweri, S. Naraqi, R. D. G. Theakston, D. A. Warrell

Coagulopathy following bites by the Papuan taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni). Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 6: 65-72

1995
Lalloo, D. G., A. J. Trevett, D. Owens, J. Minei, et al.

Neurotoxicity, anticoagulant activity and evidence of rhabdomyolysis in patients bitten by death adders (Acanthophis sp.) in southern Papua New Guinea. Q. J. Med. 89: 25-32

1996
Lalloo, D. G., A. J. Trevett, J. Black, J. Mapao, et al.

Coagulopathy following Papua New Guinean taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus canni) envenoming. In Gopalakrishnakone, P., C. K. Tan: Recent advances in toxinology research. Vol. 1. Venom and Toxin Research Group, National University of Singapore: 315-329

1992b
Lalloo, D., J. Black, S. Naraqi, D. Owen, A. Chitolie, R. A. Hutton, R. D. G. Theakston, D. A. Warrell

The scorpions of Namibia (Arachnida: Scorpionida). Ann. Nat. Mus. Pietermaritzburg 23: 497-784

1979
Lamoral, B. H.

Serpientes de Venezuela. Ernesto Armitano, Editor: 257

1986
Lancini, A. R.

The ringed octopus bite: a unique medical emergency. Med. J. Aust. 2: 475-476

1967
Lane, W. R., S. K. Sutherland

Puffer fish poisoning. Amer. Fam. Phycn 42: 1029-1033

1990
Lange, W. R.

Severity rating scales for ciguatera fish poisoning. Toxicon 31: 777-781

1993
Lange, W. R.

Potential benefit of tocainide in the treatment of ciguatera: report of three cases. Amer. J. Med. 84: 1087-1088

1988
Lange, W. R., S. D. Kreider, M. Hattwick, J. Hobbs

Food poisoning due to consumption of the freshwater puffer Tetraodon fangi in Thailand. Toxicon 28: 1372-1375

1990
Laobhripatr, S., K. Limpakarnjanarat, O. Sangwonloy, S. Sudhasaneya, B. Anuchatvorakul, S. Leelasitorn, K. Saitanu

The snakes of Iran. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles: 159

1991
Latifi, M.

A new species of coral snake (Serpentes, Elapidae) from the Sierra de Tamaulipas, Mexico. Phyllomedusa 3 (1): 3-8

2004
Lavin-Murcio, P. A., J. R. Dixon

Ciguatera fish poisoning in Miami. J. Amer. med. Ass. 244: 254-258

1980
Lawrence, D. N., M. B. Enriquez, R. M. Lumish, A. Maceo

Liquid chromatographic determination of domoic acid in shellfish products using the paralytic shellfish poison extraction procedure of the association of official analytical chemists. J. Chromatography 462: 349-356

1989
Lawrence, J. F., C. F. Charbonneau, C. Ménard, M. A. Quilliam, P. G. Sim

Mesobuthus gibbosus-A potentially dangerous European scorpion. 8. Int. Arachnologen-Kongress, Wien: 187-190

1980
Lebez, D., Z. Maretic, J. Ladavac, M. Meden

Brainstem infarction following Korean viper bite. Neurology 56: 1244-1245

2001
Lee, B.-Ch., S.-H. Hwang, J.-Ch. Bae, S.-B. Kwon

Stonefish envenomations of the hand - a local marine hazard: A series of 8 cases and review of the literature. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 33 (4): 515-520

2004
Lee, J. Y. L., L. C. Teoh, S. P. M. Leo

Stonefish Envenomations of the Hand - A Local Marine Hazard: A Series of 8 Cases and Review of the Literature. Ann Acad Med Singapore 33: 515-20

2004
Lee Y. K. L., L. C. Teoh, S. P. M. Leo

Deux cas de morsure par le serpent Dendraspis viridis suivis de guérison. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exotique: 234-239

1951
Lefrou, G.

Sur un cas d’envenimation non mortel par morsure de Dendraspis (colubridé protéroglyphe). Bull. Soc. Pathol. exot.: 256-259

1940
Le Gac, P., P. Lepesme

Quelques observations récentes sur les piqures par poisson venimeux du genre Synaceja et étude disc-électrophorique de leur venin. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique 4: 605-621

1972
Legraulet, J., J. Tapu, G. Cuzon, R. Fabre-Teste, A. Toudic

Observations sur le Dendroaspis jamesoni kaimosae Loveridge. Les Naturalistes belges 41: 453-467

1960
Leloup, P.

Phylogeny and taxonomic subdivision of Bitis (Reptilia: Viperidae) based on molecular evidence. Kaupia (Darmstadt) (8): 31-38

1999
Lenk, P., H. W. Herrmann, U. Joger, M. Wink

Evolutionary relationships among the true vipers (Reptilia: Viperidae) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 19(1): 94-104

2001
Lenk, P., S. Kalyabina, M. Wink, U. Joger

Acute reactions to coelenterates. Dermatologica 180: 224-227

1990
Letot, B., C. Piérard-Franchimont, G. E. Piérard

The spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae, Theridiidae). Trans. Amer. microscopical Soc. 78: 7-43

1959
Levi, H. W.

The three species of Latrodectus (Araneae), found in Israel. J. Zool., London 150: 427-432

1966
Levi, H. W.

The biology and control of the South American Brown spider, Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet), in a North American focus. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 13: 132-136

1964
Levi, H. W., A. Spielman

Spiders and their kin. Golden Press, New York: 160

1968
Levi, H. W., Levi L. R., H. S. Zim

Synopsis of the Snakes of the Philippines. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 64 (14): 399-568

2018
Leviton, A.E., D.C. Siler, L.J. Weinell, R.M. Brown

The dangerously venomous snakes of the Philippine Archipelago. in The Coral Triangle: The 2011 Hearst Biodiversity Philippine Expedition (G.C. Williams and T.M. Gosliner, eds.). California Academy of Sciences, USA, Pp 473–530

2014
Leviton, A. E., R. M. Brown, C. D. Siler

Handbook to Middle East amphibians and reptiles. Society for the study of amphibians and reptiles: 223-238

1992
Leviton, A. E., S. C. Anderson, C. Adler, S. A. Minton

Fauna Palaestinae. Arachnida I. Scorpiones. The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities: 130

1980
Levy, G., P. Amitai

Clarifying the identity of the Japanese Habu-kurage, Chironex yamaguchii, sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Chirodropida), Zootaxa2030: 59–65 (2009), www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ 

2009
Lewis, C., B. Bentlage

Ciguatoxins are potent ichthyotoxins. Toxicon 30: 207-211

1992
Lewis, R. J.

Ciguatera and mannitol. in vivo and in vitro assessment in mice. Toxicon 31: 1039-1050

1993
Lewis, R. J., A. W. Wong Hoy, M. Sellin

Poisonous snakes of peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur: 59

1979
Liat, L. B.

Venomous land snakes of Malysia. In Gopalakrishnakone, P., L. M. Chou: Snakes of medical importance (Asia Pacific Region), Venom and Toxin Research Group, National University of Singapore: 387-417

1990
Liat, L. B.

Poisonous snake bite in Germany. Mem. Inst. Butantan 33: 227-233

1966
Lieske, H.

Cerastes cerastes envenomation in an 18 year old female: A case report. Toxicon 40: 1227-1229

2002
Lifshitz, M., H. Kastel, I. Harman-Boehm

Disseminated intravascular coagulation after Cerastes vipera envenomation in a 3-year-old child: A case report. Toxicon 38: 1593-1598

2000
Lifshitz, M., J. Kapelushnik, M. Ben-Harosh, S. Sofer

An unusual bathing fatality. NZ Med. J. 203: 27-29

1939
Liggins, J. B.

Centruroides exilicauda envenomation in Arizona. West. J. Med. 141: 634-637

1984
Likes, K., W. Banner Jr., M. Chavez

Sea snakes. In Covacevic, J., P. Davie, J. Pearn: Toxic plants and animals. A guide to Australia. QLD Museum, Brisbane: 195-203

1987
Limpus, C.

Coastal Sea snakes of subtropical Queensland Waters (23∞ to 28∞ south latitude). In Dunson, W. A.: The biology of sea snakes. University Park Press, Baltimore: 173-182

1975
Limpus, C. J.

A case of elevated liver function tests after crown-of-thorns (Acanthaster planci) envenomation. Wilderness Environ Med.; 19(4): 275-279

2008
Lin, B., R. L. Norris, P. S. Auerbach

Microbial hazards of seafood consumption. Food Technology Dec.: 56-62

1990
Liston, J.

Is there a role for the use of pressure immobilization bandages in the treatment of jellyfish envenomation in Australia? Emerg. Med. J. 14: 171-174

2002
Little, M.

A year's experience of Irukandji envenomation in far north Queensland. Med. J. Aust. 169: 638-641

1998
Little, M., R. F. Mulcahy

Shellfish chemical poisoning. in: Hui, Y. H., D. Kitts, P. S. Stanfield (eds.), Foodborne diseas handbook. 2nd ed., Vol. IV: Seafood and environmental Toxins, Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel: 77-108

2001
Llewellyn, L. E.

Four cases of snake bite. Med. J. Aust.: 360-361

1932
Lloyd, C. H.

Smoking and genus Notechis. Med. J. Aust. 148: 108

1988
Lodge, R. S., W. G. Parkin, D. Langton-Joy

Biology and control of imported fire ants. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 20: 1-30

1975
Lofgren, C. S., W. A. Banks, B. M. Glancey

The serpent’s tale. Reptiles and Amphibians of St.Lucia. Univ. of West Indies, St.Lucia: 46

1974
Long, E. G.

Atlas of Elapid Snakes of Australia. Australian Flora & Fauna series N. 7. Bureau of Flora & Fauna, Canberra: 115

1986
Longmore, R.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning: a case report and serial electrophysiologic observations. Neurology 40: 1310-1312

1990
Long, R. R., J. C. Sargent, K. Hammer

Factors contributing to fatal snake bite in the rural tropics: analysis of 46 cases in Thailand. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 82: 930-934

1988
Looareesuwan, S., C. Viravan, D. A. Warrell

The world’s most venomous spider is a species complex: systematics of the Sydney funnel-web spider (Atracidae: Atrax robustus). BMC Ecology and Evolution 25(7): 1-27

2025
Loria, S.F., S.-C.Frank, N. Dupérré, H.M. Smith, B. Jones, B.A. Buzatto, D. Harms

A randomised controlled trial of hot water (45°C) immersion versus ice packs for pain relief in bluebottle stings. Med. J. Aust. 184 (7): 329-333

2006
Loten, C., B. Stokes, D. Worsley, J. E. Seymour, S. Jiang, G. K. Isbister

Parthenogenesis in scorpions: Some history - new data. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 14 (1): 19-44

2008a
Lourenço, W. R.

About the presence of the genus Buthus Leach, 1815 in the Arabian Peninsula and description of a new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Entomol Mitt Zool Mus Hamburg. 15 (179): 45-52

2008b
Lourenço, W. R.

About the presence of the genus Buthus Leach, 1815 in Mauritania, with description of a new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Boletin Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa. (44): 71-75

2009
Lourenço, W. R., D. Sun, M-S. Zhu

A new African species of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 from Mali (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Serket (2024) vol. 20(2): 58-67

2024
Lourenço, W. R., E. Ythier

A new species of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 from Morocco (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius (89): 1-8

2009
Lourenço, W. R., E. Ythier, E-A. Leguin

The African species of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with the description of a new species. Boletin Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa 39: 97–101.

2006
Lourenço, W. R., J.-X. Qi, J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson

Confirmation of reproduction by parthenogenesis in Hottentoata hottentota (Fabricius) (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Acta Biol. Paran. (Curitiba) 36: 213–217.

2007
Lourenço, W.R.L., E.Y. Ythier

Specific mamba antivenom-report of survival of 2 patients with black mamba bites treated with this serum. S. Afr. med. J.: 1175

1967
Louw, J. X.

Scorpion envenomations in young children in central Arizona. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 41 (7): 937-940

2003
LoVecchio, F., C. McBride

Incidence of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity to Centruroides antivenom. Ann. Emerg. Med. 34: 615-619

1999
LoVecchio, F., S. Welch, J. Klemens, S. C. Curry, R. Thomas

New Guinean reptils and amphibians in the Museum of comparative Zoology and United States National Museum. Bull. Mus. Comparative Zoology 2: 303-430

1948
Loveridge, A.

Zoological results of the fifth expedition to East Africa. III: Reptiles from Nyasaland and Tete. Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool. Cambridge 110: 143-322

1953
Loveridge, A.

Checklist of the reptiles and ambhibians of East Africa (Uganda; Kenya; Tanganyika; Zanzibar). Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool. Cambridge 117: 153-362

1957
Loveridge, A.

The venomous reptiles of Arizona, Phoenix: Arizona Game & Fish Dept.: 115

1986
Lowe, C. H., C. R. Schwalbe, T. B. Johnson

Analysis of the herpetofauna of Baja California, Mexico. Transactions San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 12: 47-64

1954
Lowe, C. H., S. Norris

A review of the genus Leiurus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with description of four new species from the Arabian Peninsula. Euscorpius-Occasional Publications in Scorpiology. 2014, No. 191

2014
Lowe, G., E. A. Yağmur, F. Kovařík

Spiders in Brazil. Toxicon 26: 759-772

1988
Lucas, S.

Biology and distribution of scorpions of medical importance. In: White, J, Meier, J, eds. Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press: 205-238

1995a
Lucas, S. M., J. Meier

Biology and distribution of spiders of medical importance. In: White, J, Meier, J, eds. Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press: 239-258

1995b
Lucas, S. M., J. Meier

Zur Problematik der selektiven Erfassung von PSP-Toxinen aus Muscheln. Z. Lebensmitt.-Untersuch. 190: 491-195

1990
Luckas, B., G. Thielert, K. Peters

Fatal envenomation by Chironex fleckeri, the North Australian box jellyfish: the continuing search for lethal mechanisms. Med. J. Aust. 148: 527-534

1988
Lumley, J., J. A. Williamson, P. J. Fenner, J. W. Burnett, D. M. Colquhoun

Mistaken identity may explain why male sea snakes (Aipysurus laevis, Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) “attack” scuba divers. Scientific Reports |(2021) 11:15267. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94728-x

2021
Lynch, T. P., A. A. Ross, R. Shine

Puffer fish poisoning: four case reports. Med. J. Malaysia 40: 31-34

1985
Lyn, P. C. W.