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More references are listed in the “Clinical entries” of the Biomedical Database.

Case history of a berg adder bite. Centr. Afr. J. Med. 25: 30-33

1979
Paget, D., E. V. Cock

Successful treatment of ciguatera fish poisoning with intravenous mannitol. J. Am. Med. Ass. 259: 2740-2742

1988
Palafox, N. A., L. G. Jain, A. Z. Pinano, T. M. Gulick, R. K. Williams, I. J. Schatz

Anticoagulant proteinases from Western diamond back rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom. Biochemistry 23: 460

1984
Pandya, B. V., A. Z. Budzynsky

A New Species of the Genus Protobothrops (Squamata: Viperidae) from Southern Tibet, China and Sikkim, India. Asian Herpetological Research 4 (2): 109–115

2013
Pan, H., B. Chettri, D. Yang, K. Jiang, K. Wang, L. Zhang, G. Vogel

Clinical trial of two antivenoms for the treatment of Bothrops and Lachesis bites in the north eastern Amazon region of Brazil. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 98: 28-42

2004
Pardal P. P., P., S. Medeiro Souza, M. R. de Cássia da Costa Monteiro, H. W. Fan, et al.

Vipera palaestinae snake envenomations: Experience in children. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 16: 683-687

1997
Paret, G., R. Ben-Abraham, D. Ezra, D. Shrem, et al.

Phylogeography of the pitviper clade Agkistrodon: historical ecology, species status and conservation of cantils. Molecular Ecology 9: 411-420

2000
Parkinson, C. L., K. R. Zamudio, H. W. Greene

Analysis of 460 fatalities from venomous animals in the United States. Am. J. Med. Sci. 245: 129-141

1963
Parrish, H. M.

Effects of repeated poisonous snakebites in man. Am. J. Med. Sci. (Philad.) 237: 277-286

1959
Parrish, H. M., C. B. Pollard

Bites by coral snakes: report of 11 representative cases. Am. J. Med. Sci.: 561-568

1967
Parrish, H. M., M. S. Khan

Bite from the bushmaster (Lachesis muta) in Antioquia and Choco, Columbia, report of five accidents. Abstracts. IVth Pan American symposium on animal, plant and microbial toxins (IST) and IInd symposium of the Brazilian society on toxinology (SBTX), in honour of vital Brazil. Toxicon 31: 158-159

1993
Patino, R. O., G. S. T. Jaramillo, L. F. G. Gomez, R. G. O. Gutiérrez, R. V. Hernandez

Prolonged intensive therapy after snake bite, a probable case of envenomation by the rough-scaled snake. Med. J. Aust. 142: 467-469

1985
Patten, B. R., J. H. Pearn, P. DeBuse, F. Burke, J. Covacevich

A snake can change its finery: a new cryptic species of the Trimeresurus kanburiensis complex (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) from central Thailand with an unusual ontogenetic color change. Zootaxa, 5621(5): 514-546

2025
Pawangkhanant P., S.S. Iddiallutina, T.V. Nguyen, T Ruangsuwan, T. Matsukoji, P. David, C. Suwannapoom, N.A. Poyarkov

A new Species of Karst-associsated Pitviper of the Trimeresurus kanburiensis Complex (Squamata: Viperidae) from Eastern Thailand. Taprobanica, ISSN 1800427X. Vol. 14, No. 01 (2025): pp. 115, pls. 12

2025
Pawangkhanant P., S. S. Idiiatullina, T. Smits, I. Dugdale, A. Pierce, C. Suwannapoom, N. A. Poyarkov

Neuromuscular paralysis caused by tick envenomation. J. Neurol. Sci. 34: 37-42

1977
Pearn, J.

The rough scaled snake (Tropidechis carinatus). In Covacevic, J., P. Davie, J. Pearn: Toxic plants and animals. A guide to Australia. QLD Museum, Brisbane: 471-479

1987
Pearn, J.

Neurology of ciguatera. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 70: 4-8

2001
Pearn, J.

First-aid for snake-bite. Med. J. Aust.: 293-295

1981
Pearn, J., J. Morrison, N. Charles, V. Muirs

Ciguatera and pregnancy. Med. J. Aust. 1: 57-58

1982
Pearn, J., P. Harvey, W. DeAmbrosis, R. Lewis, R. McKay

Ciguatera and mannitol: experience with a new treatment regimen. Med. J. Aust. 151: 77-80

1989
Pearn, J., R. J. Lewis, T. Ruff, M. Tait, J. Quinn, W. Murtha, G. King, A. Mallett, N. C. Gillespie

Localized neuropathy following jellyfish sting. Postgrad. Med. J. 66: 953-954

1990
Peel, N., R. Kandler

Exchange transfusion in the treatment of Russell’s viper bite. Postgard. Med. J. 45: 627-641

1969
Peiris, O. A., K. D. P. Wimalaratne, M. B. B. S. Nimalasuriya

A new species of the genus Sinomicrurus Slowinski, Boundy and Lawson, 2001 (Squamata: Elapidae) from Hainan Province, China. Asian Herpetological Research, 9(2): 65-73

2018
Peng, L., L. Wang, L. Ding, Y. Zhu, J. Luo, D. Yang, R. Huang, S. Lu, S. Huang

Pressure immobilisation bandages in first-aid treatment of jellyfish envenomation: current recommendations reconsidered. Med. J. Aust: 173: 650-652

2000
Pereira, P. L., T. Carrette, P. Cullen, R. F. Mulcahy, M. Little, J. Seymour

Production of a monoclonal antibody against hemorrhagic activity of Crotalus atrox (Western diamond back rattlesnake) venom. Toxicon 22: 967-973

1984
Perez, J. C., V. E. Garcia, S. Y. Huang

Ofidios de Colombia. Museo Regionale di scienze naturali, Torino: 517

1988
Pérez-Santos, C., A. G. Moreno

An outbreak of toxic encephalopathy caused by eating mussels contaminated with domoic acid. New Engl. J. Med. 322: 1775-1780

1990
Perl, T. M., L. Bédard, T. Kosatsky, J. C. hockin, E. C. D. Todd, R. S. Remis

Etudes herpétologiques africaines III. Bull. Soc. Neuchatel Sci. nat. 84: 133-138

1961
Perret, J. L.

Mild toxic effects resulting from the bites of Jan’s desert racer, Coluber rhodorachis, and Moila’s snake, Malpolon moilensis (Ophidia: Colubridae). Toxicon 6: 523-524

1988
Perry, G.

A study of 136 cases of adder bite treated in swedish hospitals during one year. Acta Med. Scand. 210: 433-439

1981
Persson, H., B. A. Irestedt

Clinical experience with specific sheep Fab fragments in the treatment of Vipera berus bites: a preliminary report. References. Investigators manual. Therapeutic Antibodies Inc. (TAb)

1994
Persson, H., C. Karlson-Stiber, A. Heath, D. Smith, I. Al Abdullah

Death due to a scorpion sting. S. Afr. med. J. 71: 406

1987
Petersen, J.

The snakes of Equador. A checklist and key. Bull. Mus. Compar. Zool. 122: 491-541

1960
Peters, J. A.

A color atlas of arthropods in clinical medicine. Wolfe Publ. Ltd., London: 304

1992
Peters, W.

Viper bites: treat or ignore? Review of a series of 99 patients bitten by Vipera aspis in an alpine Swiss area. Swiss Med. Wkly. 35: 618-625

2005
Petite, J.

Über Schlangenbissvergiftungen in der Schweiz. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 17: 372-380

1934
Petitpierre, M.

Neurologic complications of a coral snake bite. Neurology 35: 589-592

1985
Pettigrew, L. C., J. P. Glass

Poisonous snakes. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset: 237

1981
Phelbs, T.

Snake-bites, special report from Puerto Castilla, Honduras. United Fruit Company, Med. Dept. 15th annual report: 240-241

1926
Phelps, B. M.

Effects of puff adder venom on the coagulation mechanism-I. in vivo. Toxicon 11: 423-431

1973
Phillips, L. L., H. J. Weiss, L. Pessar, N. P. Christy

Paralysis, rhabdomyolysis and haemolysis causd by bites of Russell’s viper (Vipera russelli pulchella) in Sri Lanka: Failure of Indian (Haffkine) antivenom. Quart. J. Med. 68: 691-716

1988
Phillips, R. E., R. D. G. Theakston, D. A. Warrell, Y. Galigedara, D. T. D. J. Abeysekera, P. Dissanayaka, R. A. Hutton, D. J. Aloysius

Experience with stonefish stings in New Guinea. Bull. postgrad. Commm. Med. Univ. Sydney suppl. 18: 107-109

1963
Phleps, R.

Histologic study of delayed reactions to coelenterates. J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 22: 599-601

1990
Piérard, G. E., B. Letot, C. Piérard-Franchimont

Red Tide (Ptychodiscus brevis) toxin aerosols: a review. Toxicon 24: 955-965

1986
Pierce, R. H.

high incidence of bites and stings by snakes and other animals among rubber tappers and Amazonian Indians of the Juruá Valley, Acre State, Brazil. Toxicon 34 (2): 225-236

1996
Pierini, S. V., D. A. Warrell, A. de Paulo, R. D. G. Theakston

Frogfishes of the world. Stanford University Press, Stanford: 470

1987
Pietsch, T. W., D. B. Grobecker

Giftige und für den Menschen gefährliche Fische. Neue Brehm-Bücherei, Wittenberg: 168

1974
Pigulewski, S. W.

Acute renal failure after Crotalus durissus snakebite: A prospective survey on 100 patients. Kidney Int. 67: 659-667

2005
Pinho, F. M. O., D. M. T. Zanetta, E. A. Burdmann

Fatal cerebral hemorrhage and acute renal failure after young Bothrops jararacussu snake bite. Ren. Fail. 23 (2): 269-277

2001
Pinho, F. M. O., E. A. Burdmann

Envenomation by the Puss carterpillar (Megalopyge opercularis). Ann. Emerg. Med. 20: 562-564

1991
Pinson, R. T.

Human envenomation by the South American opisthoglyph Clelia clelia plumbes (Wied). Toxicon 29: 1512-1516

1991
Pinto, R. N. L., N. J. da Silva, S. D. Arid

Thrombinlike enzymes from snake venoms. In Tu, A. T.: Handbook of natural toxins. Vol. 5. Reptile venoms and toxins. Marcel Dekker, New York: 225-252

1991
Pirkle, H., I. Theodor

Thrombin-like enzyme from the venom of Bitis gabonica. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 8830-8835

1986
Pirkle, H., I. Theodor, D. Miyada, G. Simmons

Activation of prothrombin with Taipan snake venom. Thromb. Res. 1: 559-568

1972
Pirkle, H., M. McIntosh, I. Theodor, S. Vernon

A guide to snakes of Uganda. Rev. ed. Wheldon & Wesley, Codicote: 290

1974
Pitman, C. R. S.

Trace determination of domoic acid in sea water and phytoplankton by high-performance liquid chromatography of the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC) derivate. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 38: 351

1990
Pocklinton, R., J. E. Milley, S. S. Bates, C. J. Bird, A. S. W. de Freitas, M. A. Quilliam

Mordedura de un jubo. El Genio Cient. la Habana 1: 94-98

1873
Poey, F.

The biology of scorpions. Stanford University Press, Stanford: 587

1990
Polis, G. A.

When continents collide: Phylogeny, historical biogeography and systematics of the medically important viper genus Echis (Squamata: Serpentes: Viperidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 (3): 792-807

2009
Pook, C. E., U. Joger, N. Stümpel, W. Wüster

Myocarditis from scorpion stings. Brit. med. J.: 374-377

1963
Poon-King, T.

Fatal bite of captive African rear-fanged snake (Dispholidus). Copeia 4: 280-282

Pope, C. H. (1958 )

Paralytic shellfish poisoning, a report of 17 cases in Cape Town. S. Afr. med. J. 55: 1017-1022

1979
Popkiss, M. E. E., D. A. Horstman, D. Harpur

Risk indicators after envenomation in humans by Echis coloratus (mid-east saw scaled viper). Toxicon 30: 25-32

1992
Porath, A., D. Gilon, H. Schulchynska-Castel, O. Shalev, A. Keynan, J. Benbassat

A taxonomic reevaluation and conservation assessment of the common cantil, Agkistrodon bilineatus (Squamata: Viperidae): a race against time. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 7 (1): 48–73

2013
Porras L. W, L. D. Wilson, G. W. Schuett, R. S. Reiserer

Venomous snake bites in Italy: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Trop. Med. Parasit. 39: 62-66

1988
Pozio, E.

Excessive fibrinolysis: The coagulopathy following Merrem's hump-nosed viper (Hypnale hypnale) bites. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 58 (6): 821-823

1998
Premawardena, A. P., S. L. Seneviratne, S. B. Gunatilake, H. J. de Silva

Coagulopathy and fibrinolysis following the bite of a hump-nosed viper (Hypnale hypnale). Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 90: 293

1996
Premawardena, A. P., S. L. Seneviratne, S. Jayanthi, S. B. Gunatilake, H. J. de Silva

Phylogeny of Parabuthus (Scorpiones, Buthidae). — Zoologica Scripta, 30, 13– 35.

2001
Prendini, L.

The systematics of Southern African Parabuthus Pocock (Scorpiones, Buthidae): revisions to the taxonomy and key to species. Journal of Arachnology 32(1): 109-187

2004
Prendini, L.

A reanalysis of Parabuthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) phylogeny with descriptions of two new Parabuthus species endemic to the Central Namib gravel plains, Namibia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 159, 673–710.

2010
Prendini, L., L. Esposito

Scorpion higher phylogeny and classification, taxonomic anarchy, and standards for peer review in online publishing. Cladistics 21(5): 446-494.

2005
Prendini, L., W. C. Wheeler

Spiders of the world. Blandford Press, U. K.: 191

1984
Preston-Mafham, R., K. Preston-Mafham

Notes on the scorpions of Iraq. Bull. Endemic Diseases 3: 73-87

1960
Pringle, G.

A review of the scorpions of East Africa with special regard to Kenya and Tansania. Acta Tropica 30: 312-335

1973
Probst, P. J.

Incidence and mortality of snake bite in savanna Nigeria. Lancet II: 1181-1183

1980
Pugh, R. N. H., R. D. G. Theakston

A clinical study of viper bite poisoning. Ann. trop. Med. Parasitol. 81: 135-149

1987a
Pugh, R. N. H., R. D. G. Theakston

Fatality following use of a torniquet after viper bite poisoning. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 81: 77-78

1987b
Pugh, R. N. H., R. D. G. Theakston

Malumfashi Endemic Diseases Research Project, XIII. Epidemiology of human encounters with the spitting cobra, Naja nigricollis, in the Malumfashi area of northern Nigeria. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 74, 523-530.

1980
Pugh, R.N., R.D. Theakston, H.A. Reid

Synergy of antithrombin III concentrate and antivenom in preventing coagulopathy in a rat model of Malayan pit viper envenoming. Trans. roy. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 84: 880-884

1990
Pukrittayakamee, S., V. Desakorn, R. Clemens, A. Nontprasert, H. L. Bock, N. J. White, D. Bunnag